Predator Induced Stress

Behavioral and heart rate responses to predation risk in wild and domesticated Atlantic salmon

Directly compares wild and domesticated salmon responses to predator presence, showing physiological stress responses (increased heart rates) and behavioral changes.

Johnsson, Höjesjö, & Fleming (2001)
Fish Health & Welfare

Biological and Ecological Roles of External Fish Mucus: A Review

The paper reviews fish mucus functions, including its role in immune defense and impacts of stress, which is crucial for farmed Atlantic salmon health in aquaculture.

Reverter et al. (2018)
Predator Induced Stress

Cortisol stress response of juvenile winter flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus, Walbaum) to predators

Demonstrates a clear cortisol stress response in juvenile winter flounder exposed to predators, even with visual cues alone.

Breves & Specker (2005)
Predator Induced Stress

Cumulative acute physiological stress in Atlantic salmon smolts: the effect of osmotic imbalance and the presence of predators

Shows cumulative effects of multiple stressors, including predator presence, on salmon smolts.

Järvi (1990)
Fish Health & Welfare

Stress and its impact on animal welfare during commercial production of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.)

Provides a comprehensive overview of various stressors affecting salmon in commercial production, including predator presence.

Haugmo Iversen (2013)
Impact on Product Quality

Repeated acute stress reduces growth rate of Atlantic salmon parr and alters plasma levels of growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor I and cortisol

While not specifically about predator presence, it shows how repeated acute stress affects growth and endocrine parameters in salmon.

McCormick et al. (1998)
Fish Health & Welfare

Stress in Atlantic salmon: response to unpredictable chronic stress

Focuses on unpredictable chronic stress in Atlantic salmon, which could include predator presence, and its effects on physiology and behavior.

Madaro et al. (2015)
Fish Health & Welfare

Evaluation of stress in farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) using different biological matrices

Reviews stress responses in farmed salmon, including immune suppression and disease susceptibility.

Keihani et al. (2024)
Amoebic Gill Disease (AGD)

Host-Parasite Interaction of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and the Ectoparasite Neoparamoeba perurans in Amoebic Gill Disease

Analyzes stress-related transcriptomic responses in salmon during early AGD infection

Botwright et al. (2021)
Amoebic Gill Disease (AGD)

Mucosal immune and stress responses of Neoparamoeba perurans-infected Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) treated with peracetic acid shed light on the host-parasite-oxidant interactions

Investigates stress and mucosal immune responses in AGD-affected salmon post-treatment

Lazado et al. (2022)
Sea Lice

Effect of handling and crowding on the susceptibility of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) to Lepeophtheirus salmonis (Krøyer) copepodids

Examines the effect of handling and crowding stress on salmon's susceptibility to sea lice infestation.

Delfosse et al. (2020)
Predator Induced Stress

Size-dependent stress response in juvenile Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus) under prolonged predator conditioning

Directly studied predator-induced stress in Arctic charr, showing size-dependent stress responses. This study is highly relevant as it demonstrates how predator presence affects cortisol levels, a key indicator of stress in fish.

Kortet et al. (2019)
Fish Health & Welfare

Coping styles in farmed fish: consequences for aquaculture

Explored coping styles in farmed fish, including responses to stress. While not directly about predators, it's relevant as it discusses how different fish personalities respond to stressors, which could include predator presence.

Castanheira et al. (2015)
Predator Induced Stress

Are farmed salmon more prone to risk than wild salmon? Susceptibility of juvenile farm, hybrid and wild Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L. to an artificial predator

Compared risk-taking behavior and predator susceptibility in farm-raised, hybrid, and wild salmon. This study is relevant as it shows how domestication affects anti-predator responses, which could influence stress levels and health.

Solberg, Zhang, & Glover (2015)
Impact on Product Quality

Increasing dietary levels of the omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, EPA and DHA, improves the growth, welfare, robustness, and fillet quality of Atlantic salmon in sea cages

While focusing on dietary EPA and DHA, this study mentions improved robustness and welfare in salmon, which could be relevant to stress responses, including those induced by predators.

Lutfi et al. (2022)
Sea Lice

Modelling the effects of capture and sea lice [Lepeophtheirus salmonis (Krøyer)] infestation on the cortisol stress response in trout

Developed a model for cortisol stress response in trout. Although focused on capture stress and sea lice, the principles could apply to predator-induced stress.

Poole, Nolan, & Tully (2001)
Sea Lice

The Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) antimicrobial peptide cathelicidin-2 is a molecular host-associated cue for the salmon louse (Lepeophtheirus salmonis)

Studied host-parasite interactions in salmon, which, while not directly about predators, could provide insights into stress responses to external threats.

Núñez-Acuña et al. (2018)
Sea Lice

Where art thou louse? A snapshot of attachment location preferences in salmon lice on Atlantic salmon hosts in sea cages

Investigated sea lice attachment preferences on salmon. This study is less relevant to predator-induced stress but provides context on factors affecting salmon health.

Bui et al. (2020)
Sea Lice

Risk factor analysis for sea lice, Caligus rogercresseyi, levels in farmed salmonids in southern Chile

Analyzed risk factors for sea lice levels in farmed salmonids. While not about predators, it discusses factors affecting salmon health and stress.

Yatabe et al. (2011)
Fish Health & Welfare

Physiological Changes in Fish from Stress in Aquaculture with Emphasis on the Response and Effects of Corticosteroids

This study is highly relevant as it discusses how stress affects fish physiology, including increased cortisol levels and altered electrolyte concentrations. It's important because it establishes the fundamental physiological responses to stress in fish, which can be applied to predator-induced stress scenarios.

Barton & Iwama (1991)
Impact on Product Quality

Handling stress and water quality during live transportation and slaughter of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)

While not directly about predator presence, this study demonstrates how handling stress affects salmon meat quality, including pH levels, rigor mortis onset, and fillet gaping. It's relevant because it shows how stress can directly impact product quality in farmed fish.

Erikson, Sigholt, & Seland (1997)
Impact on Product Quality

Stress during slaughter increases lipid metabolites and decreases oxidative stability of farmed rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) during frozen storage

This research is important as it links pre-slaughter stress to decreased oxidative stability and shelf life of fish products. It's relevant because it demonstrates how stress can have long-lasting effects on product quality, which could potentially be applied to predator-induced stress scenarios.

Secci et al. (2016)
Fish Health & Welfare

Health of farmed fish: its relation to fish welfare and its utility as welfare indicator

This review is significant as it discusses how stress affects fish health and welfare, including impacts on epithelial barriers and the immune system. It's relevant because it provides a framework for understanding how chronic stressors, potentially including predator presence, could affect overall fish health and product quality.

Segner et al. (2012)
Fish Health & Welfare

Current approaches in decoding the molecular mechanisms of long-term stress in adult farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)

This review is important as it focuses on the molecular mechanisms of long-term stress in farmed salmon. It's relevant because it provides insights into how chronic stressors, which could include predator presence, affect salmon at the molecular level, potentially impacting health and product quality.

Hoem & Tveten (2019)
Predator Induced Stress

Combined effects of predator odor and alarm substance on behavioral and physiological responses of the pearl cichlid

This study directly demonstrates that predator odor and alarm substance significantly impact behavioral and physiological stress responses in fish, including elevated cortisol levels and gene expression changes.

Arvigo et al. (2019)
Fish Health & Welfare

Stress and Rearing of Salmonids

This seminal work establishes the fundamental understanding of stress responses in salmonids, including physiological changes and the impact of chronic stress on fish health and survival.

Schreck (1982)
Predator Induced Stress

Aquaculture risk management and marine mammal interactions in the Pacific Northwest

This research highlights the direct impact of marine mammal predators on salmon farms, causing both predation and stress-induced mortality, which affects product quality and economic outcomes.

Nash, Iwamoto, & Mahnken (2000)
Fish Health & Welfare

Stress and immune modulation in fish

This study focuses on stress-induced immune suppression in fish, making them more vulnerable to diseases, which is crucial for understanding the broader health impacts of predator-induced stress.

Tort (2011)
Fish Health & Welfare

Long-term stress induced cortisol downregulation, growth reduction and cardiac remodeling in Atlantic salmon

While not directly about predator stress, this research provides valuable insights into the long-term effects of chronic stress on Atlantic salmon, including growth reduction and cardiac remodeling.

Opinion et al. (2023)
Impact on Product Quality

Handling Stress and Storage Temperature Affect Meat Quality of Farmed-raised Atlantic Salmon (Salmo Salar)

This study demonstrates how handling stress affects meat quality in farmed Atlantic salmon, which is relevant to understanding how predator-induced stress might impact product quality.

Sigholt et al. (2006)
Impact on Product Quality

Farmed fish welfare: stress, post-mortem muscle metabolism, and stress-related meat quality changes

This review directly addresses the relationship between ante-mortem stress in farmed fish and its effects on post-mortem muscle metabolism and meat quality. It's highly relevant as it discusses how stress responses in fish can significantly impact meat quality parameters such as texture, color, water-holding capacity, and shelf life.

Daskalova (2019)
Impact on Product Quality

Recent understanding of stress response on muscle quality of fish: From the perspective of industrial chain

This comprehensive review examines how stress affects fish muscle quality throughout the industrial chain, from aquaculture to processing and storage. It highlights how stress can lead to increased lipid oxidation, protein denaturation, and water loss in fish muscle, affecting texture, color, and flavor.

Zhang et al. (2023)
Fish Health & Welfare

Chronic stress boosts systemic inflammation and compromises antiviral innate immunity in Carassius gibel

While focusing on Carassius gibel, this study shows how chronic stress can compromise the immune system, making fish more susceptible to infections. This is relevant to overall fish health and potentially product quality.

Dai et al. (2023)
Fish Health & Welfare

Stress alters immune function and disease resistance in chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha)

This study on chinook salmon demonstrates how stress alters immune function and disease resistance. It's important as it shows how stress can impair the immune response, making salmon more vulnerable to diseases.

Maule et al. (1989)
Fish Health & Welfare

Chronic stress negatively impacts wound healing, welfare, and stress regulation in internally tagged Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)

This research on Atlantic salmon shows that chronic stress impairs wound healing, reduces welfare, and disrupts stress regulation mechanisms. It's relevant as it demonstrates how ongoing stress can lead to prolonged inflammation and slower recovery from injuries.

Virtanen et al. (2023)
Fish Health & Welfare

Acute stress response on Atlantic salmon: a time-course study of the effects on plasma metabolites, mucus cortisol levels, and head kidney transcriptome profile

This time-course study on Atlantic salmon reveals how acute stress leads to significant changes in plasma metabolites, mucus cortisol levels, and gene expression in the head kidney. It's relevant as it highlights how acute stress can disrupt metabolic processes and immune function.

Madaro et el. (2022)
Sea Lice

Sea lice, Lepeophtheirus salmonis (Krøyer 1837), infected Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) are more susceptible to infectious salmon anemia virus

This study directly demonstrates that sea lice infestation increases susceptibility to infectious salmon anemia virus in Atlantic salmon. It shows that the presence of multiple stressors can significantly impact fish health and immune responses.

Barker et al. (2019)
Fish Health & Welfare

Host-pathogen-environment interactions predict survival outcomes of adult sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) released from fisheries

This research characterizes how independent and cumulative stressors, such as fisheries handling and high water temperatures, along with natural infections, affect the health and longevity of wild adult sockeye salmon. The study found that cumulative stressors significantly increased pathogen loads and mortality rates, demonstrating the compounded negative effects on salmon survival.

Teffer et al. (2021)
Fish Health & Welfare

The Atlantic salmon’s stress- and immune-related transcriptional responses to moderate hypoxia, an incremental temperature increase, and these challenges combined

This study examines how moderate hypoxia and incremental temperature increases affect the stress and immune responses of Atlantic salmon. The combined stressors led to significant changes in the expression of stress-related and immune-related genes, indicating that multiple environmental stressors can overwhelm the salmon’s immune system and reduce their ability to cope with additional challenges.

Beemelmanns et al. (2021)
Fish Health & Welfare

Simulated maternal stress reduces offspring aerobic swimming performance in Pacific salmon

Maternal stress in Pacific salmon, simulated by cortisol exposure, reduces the aerobic swimming performance of offspring, potentially affecting their survival and fitness. This suggests that stress experienced by parents can have long-term negative effects on their offspring.

Banet et al. (2019)
Predator Induced Stress

A review of marine stressors impacting Atlantic salmon Salmo salar, with an assessment of the major threats to English stocks

This review identifies predation as one of the biggest threats to Atlantic salmon. While it doesn't provide direct experimental evidence, it supports the importance of predation as a significant stressor for salmon populations.

Gillson et al. (2022)
Fish Health & Welfare

Cortisol-Related Signatures of Stress in the Fish Microbiome

This study demonstrates how stress, indicated by elevated cortisol levels, alters the fish gut microbiome. While not specifically about predation, it provides insights into how stress can impact fish health through changes in microbial communities.

Uren Webster et al. (2020)
Fish Health & Welfare

Stress in Fishes: A Diversity of Responses with Particular Reference to Changes in Circulating Corticosteroids

Discusses stress in fish, including predation as a stressor. Offers insights into how predation fits into the broader context of fish stress.

Barton (2002)
Predator Induced Stress

The Combined Effects of Predation, Fishing, and Ocean Productivity on Salmon Species Targeted by Marine Mammals in the Northeast Pacific

Examines the combined effects of predation and other factors on salmon populations. Highlights the ecological importance of predation stress on fish populations.

Couture et al. (2024)
Infectious Salmon Anemia (ISA)

Cortisol and lactate levels in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar developing infectious anaemia (ISA)

Investigates cortisol and lactate levels in salmon with infectious anemia. While not directly about predation, it demonstrates how stress affects fish physiology and health.

Olsen el at. (1992)
Infectious Salmon Anemia (ISA)

Understanding host response to infectious salmon anaemia virus in an Atlantic salmon cell line using single-cell RNA sequencing

Uses single-cell RNA sequencing to study salmon immune responses to viral infection. Provides insights into how stress can affect fish immune function, which could be applied to predator-induced stress.

Gervais et al. (2023)
Predator Induced Stress

Modelling the impacts of removing seal predation from Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, rivers in Scotland: a tool for targeting conflict resolution

Models the impacts of removing seal predation on salmon populations. Indirectly supports the idea that predator presence affects fish populations, which could be linked to stress.

Butler et al. (2006)
Fish Health & Welfare

The impact of varying EPA:DHA ratio on Atlantic salmon health and welfare

Investigates the impact of EPA:DHA ratios on salmon health and welfare.

Santigosa et al. (2023)
Impact on Product Quality

Hypoxia does not change responses to dietary omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, but rather reduces dietary energy demand by Atlantic salmon

Examines the effects of hypoxia on salmon responses to dietary omega-3 fatty acids. Demonstrates how environmental stressors can affect fish physiology, which could be similar to predator-induced stress.

Huyben et al. (2021)
Impact on Product Quality

Regulation of the Omega-3 Fatty Acid Biosynthetic Pathway in Atlantic Salmon Hepatocytes

Studies the regulation of omega-3 fatty acid biosynthesis in salmon hepatocytes. Provides background on fish metabolism, which could be affected by predator-induced stress.

Kjær et al. (2016)
Amoebic Gill Disease (AGD)

Transcriptome Analyses of Amoebic Gill Disease-affected Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) Tissues Reveal Localized Host Gene Suppression

Examines gene suppression in amoebic gill disease-affected salmon tissues. Demonstrates how disease can affect fish gene expression, which could be similar to predator-induced stress effects.

Wynne et al. (2018)
Amoebic Gill Disease (AGD)

Links between host genetics, metabolism, gut microbiome and amoebic gill disease (AGD) in Atlantic salmon

Explores genetic and microbial interactions with stress responses in amoebic gill disease. Provides insights into complex interactions between stress and fish health.

Schaal et al. (2022)
Amoebic Gill Disease (AGD)

Gene expression analysis of Atlantic salmon gills reveals evolutionarily conserved pathways involved in resistance to amoebic gill disease

Identifies immune pathways linked to amoebic gill disease resistance in salmon. Demonstrates how fish respond to stressors at the genetic level, which could be similar to predator-induced stress responses.

Marcos-López et al. (2018)
Infectious Salmon Anemia (ISA)

International Response to Infectious Salmon Anemia: Prevention, Control, and Eradication

Discusses international responses to infectious salmon anemia and provides context for fish health management in aquaculture.

Miller and Cipriano (2002)
Fish Health & Welfare

The endocrinology of stress in fish: An environmental perspective

This paper provides a comprehensive review of the endocrinology of stress in fish, with a focus on environmental perspectives. While the paper does not directly address predation stress from seals on salmon, it offers insights that support the idea that the presence of a predator, even without actual predation, could negatively affect salmon health.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0209178
Fish Health & Welfare

Can fish suffer?: perspectives on sentience, pain, fear and stress

This paper provides a comprehensive review of the scientific evidence regarding fish sentience, pain perception, fear, and stress, with implications for fish welfare in aquaculture. While it does not directly address predation stress from seals on salmon, the findings do support the idea that proximity to predators could negatively affect salmon health.

Chandroo, Duncan, & Moccia (2004)
Predator Induced Stress

Perceptions and costs of seal impacts on Atlantic salmon fisheries in the Moray Firth, Scotland: Implications for the adaptive co-management of seal-fishery conflict

This paper provides valuable insights into the complex relationship between seals and salmon fisheries.

Butler et al. (2011)
Impact on Product Quality

Atlantic Salmon Skin and Fillet Color Changes Effected by Perimortem Handling Stress, Rigor Mortis, and Ice Storage

This paper provides valuable insights into how stress affects the color and quality of Atlantic salmon.

Erikson & Misimi (2008)
Impact on Product Quality

Bridging the Gap to Sustainable Salmon Farming: Overcoming the Gaping Problem

The paper discusses the issue of gaping in farmed salmon, which is a condition where the muscle fibers separate, leading to reduced quality and economic losses in the salmon farming industry. The authors explore various factors contributing to gaping and propose potential solutions to address this problem.

Pittman, Grigory, & Brandebourg (2013)
Fish Health & Welfare

Environmental impact FAO assessment and monitoring in aquaculture

This paper is a broad review of environmental impact assessment (EIA) and monitoring practices in aquaculture across different regions globally.

FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department (2009)
Impact on Product Quality

Muscle pH, rigor mortis and blood variables in Atlantic salmon transported in two types of well-boat

This paper compares two systems for transporting live Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and their effects on various physiological parameters. While it does not directly address predation stress or seal proximity, the study provides insights that can be relevant to understanding how stress affects salmon health.

Gatica et al. (2010)
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